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What Is the Quorum for the House of Representatives

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Minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly necessary to conduct business

A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature) necessary to comport the business organization of that grouping. According to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the "requirement for a quorum is protection confronting totally unrepresentative action in the proper name of the body by an unduly small number of persons."[2] In contrast, a plenum is a meeting of the full (or rarely nearly total) body. A body, or a coming together or vote of information technology, is quorate if a quorum is present (or casts valid votes).

The term quorum is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin quorum, "of whom", genitive plural of qui, "who".[three] Every bit a result, quora as plural of quorum is not a valid Latin germination. In modern times a quorum might be defined as the minimum number of voters needed for a valid election.

In Robert's Rules of Social club [edit]

According to Robert, each assembly determines the number of members that constitutes a quorum in its governing documents (such as in its constitution, lease, bylaws or standing orders). The quorum may also exist set past constabulary. Robert'southward Rules of Order Newly Revised states that the quorum set in an organization's bylaws "should approximate the largest number that tin be depended on to attend whatever meeting except in very bad weather or other extremely unfavorable conditions."[ii]

In the absenteeism of such a provision, a quorum is an assembly whose membership can be determined is a majority of the entire membership.[2] In the meetings of a convention, unless provided otherwise, a quorum is a majority of registered delegates, even if some have departed. In a mass meeting or in an system in which the membership cannot be accurately determined, the quorum consists of those who attend the meeting.[2]

In committees and boards, a quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee unless provided otherwise. The board or committee cannot set its own quorum unless given such ability.[4] In a committee of the whole or its variants, a quorum is the same as the assembly unless otherwise provided.

In online groups, a quorum has to be determined in a unlike manner since no one is actually "nowadays". The rules establishing such groups would accept to prescribe this conclusion.[5] An instance is that a quorum in such groups could be established every bit "present" if enough members state that they are "present" at the designated coming together time.[6]

Decision of a quorum [edit]

The chairperson of the group has the responsibility to determine if a quorum is present.[7] In add-on, whatever member can heighten a point of order about an apparent absence of a quorum.[8] Because information technology is difficult to decide exactly when a quorum was lost, points of club relating to the absence of a quorum are "mostly non permitted to touch prior action; but upon clear and convincing proof, such a point of order tin exist given outcome retrospectively by a ruling of the presiding officer, subject to appeal."[7]

Express actions in the absenteeism of a quorum [edit]

When a quorum is not met, the assembly can only take express procedural actions. These limited actions are to fix the time to which to adjourn, adjourn, recess, or take measures to obtain a quorum, such as a movement that absent-minded members be contacted during a recess.[9]

Whatsoever other business organisation that is conducted is not valid unless it is ratified at a later meeting where a quorum is nowadays. Still, there is no obligation to ratify such action and those responsible may be punished for their actions.[9]

Call of the firm [edit]

In legislatures and other assemblies that have the legal power to compel the attendance of their members, the call of the house procedure may exist used to obtain a quorum.[10] This procedure does not exist in ordinary societies, since voluntary associations have no coercive power.[10]

When a call of the house is ordered, the clerk calls the curl of members and then the names of absentees. Members who do not have an excused absence are arrested and brought in.[x] The arrested members may be charged a fee.[10]

Both chambers of the U.s.a. Congress take the ability to compel the attendance of absent members; this procedure, authorized by Commodity I, Section 5 of the U.South. Constitution is rarely used in the modern Congress.[11] [12]

By state [edit]

Australia [edit]

While Department 22 and section 39 of the Constitution of Commonwealth of australia set the quorum for sittings of the House of Representatives and Senate at one-tertiary of the whole number of MPs and senators, respectively, Parliament is permitted to change the quorum for each Firm by ordinary legislation.

In the House of Representatives, the quorum was amended down to i-5th past the House of Representatives (Quorum) Act 1989, which means the quorum of the current House of 151 MPs is 31 MPs.[13] In the senate, the quorum was amended downward to one-quarter by the Senate (Quorum) Act 1991, so 19 senators is a quorum.[14] The quorum includes the occupant of the Chair, and is not reduced by the death or resignation of a fellow member or senator.

If at the showtime of a sitting the quorum is not met, the bells are rung for five minutes and a count is then taken; if the quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned until the side by side sitting day. During the sitting, any MP or senator may draw attention to the lack of quorum in which the bells are rung for four minutes, and if a quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned.

Although quorum-busting is nigh unheard of in Australia, it is non unknown for parties to deliberately use quorum counts as a disruptive tactic and there accept been some suggestions to enact rules to restrict this exercise; however, this is very hard due to the explicit mention of a quorum in the constitution. It is considered hell-raising to call attending to quorum when 1 exists, and members or senators who do and so tin be punished.

Austria [edit]

In the National Council of Austria at least ane-third of the representatives must exist nowadays, and then that they may decide on a simple law (participation quorum of 33.3%). At to the lowest degree half of the members must participate if a constitutional law should pass the parliament (participation quorum of 50% based on the total number of members). Over and above that, constitutional laws crave the consent of at least 2-thirds of the members present (quorum agreement of 66.6% based on the number of voting present).

Canada [edit]

In Canada, the Constitution Act, 1867 sets quorum for sittings of the House of Eatables of Canada at 20 MPs. If a fellow member calls for quorum to be counted and a showtime count shows there are fewer than twenty members, bells are rung to call in the members; if after 15 minutes there are still fewer than 20 members, the session is adjourned to the next sitting day; the members present sign a gyre on the table of the business firm, and this list is included in the Journal of the Firm. There is no need for quorum when the attendance of the House is requested in the Senate of Canada, for example, when royal assent is being given to bills.[15] The quorum of the Senate is 15.[16]

Provincial and territorial quorums [edit]

Province/Territory Quorum
Alberta twenty[17]
British Columbia x[18]
Manitoba ten[nineteen]
New Brunswick 14[20]
Newfoundland and Labrador 15[21]
Northwest Territories majority[22]
Nova Scotia xv[23]
Nunavut bulk[24]
Ontario 12[25]
Prince Edward Island x[26]
Quebec 21[27]
Saskatchewan 15[28]
Yukon bulk[29]

Germany [edit]

In the High german Bundestag at to the lowest degree half of the members (355 out of 709) must be present so that it is empowered to make resolutions.[xxx] It is all the same common that fewer members are present, because they tin can still make constructive decisions as long as no parliamentary group or v% of the members of the parliament are lament nearly the lack of quorum. This, in rare cases, is used by opposition parties to filibuster votes.[31]

Hong Kong [edit]

Commodity 75 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong stipulates that the quorum required for the meetings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) every bit "not less than one-half of its members". Betwixt 1997 and 2012 the quorum was 30, and since 2012 it has been 35. Prior to 1997 transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the quorum was gear up at 20.

The quorum for the panels, committees and subcommittees is, nevertheless, ane-tertiary or 3 members, whichever the greater, as according to the Rules of Process. The three continuing committees, namely, the Finance Committee, the Public Accounts Committee and Committee on Members' Interests, is exceptional that the quorums are 9, 3 and 3 respectively.

Quorum-busting was used at to the lowest degree twice since 1997. In 2005, when some pro-democracy members of the quango paid a silent tribute to belatedly leader of the People's Republic of China, Zhao Ziyang, confronting the Rules of Process, the president of the council suspended the meeting. When the coming together was recalled, pro-Beijing members refused to return to the sleeping room, forcing the coming together to be adjourned.

On 27 January 2010, when five pro-democracy members were intending to make their resignation speeches, pro-Beijing members of the council left the bedroom equally a sign of protest. One of the pro-Beijing members nevertheless stayed in the chamber to call for the quorum to be counted, finer forcing the coming together to be adjourned. The resignation was intended as a de facto referendum beyond all five geographical constituencies of the territory, involving the entire electorate, which would not exist officially recognised anyway. Near other factions, although against the move by these 5 Members, stayed in the sleeping accommodation.

On 2 May 2012, when the LegCo was debating a constabulary change to bar resigning legislators to participate in by-elections in 6 months, finer discouraging any more than "de facto" referenda, some of the 5 pro-republic members who resigned constantly issued quorum calls, especially when they were making their resignation speeches intended for 2 years before. In the nine-60 minutes meeting, 23 quorum calls were issued, taking up to iii hours. When LegCo reconvened on 3 May, it was adjourned for lack of quorum amid a boycott by the pan-democrats. The pro-government members drew a timetable to ensure a quorum, but it failed to prevent another lack of quorum.

On xviii June 2015, when the LegCo was due to vote on a resolution to amend the provisions for the ballot of the territory'southward Main Executive, pro-Beijing members left the chamber to force a quorum whorl telephone call to make sure that a sick member could exist able to rush back to the bedchamber. However some of the members stayed backside, citing miscommunication, and the segmentation proceeded with two members above the required quorum of 35. While the resolution was originally predicted to be narrowly defeated due to not able to get super-majority support votes, it turned out to be a landslide defeat.[32]

Quorum-busting and attempts to thwart it are too a common feature during the annual motility debate related to the 1989 Tiananmen massacre moved past pro-democracy Members. The quorum is called to be counted from time to time by the pan-democrats, in order to forcefulness the pro-Beijing campsite to proceed some members in the bedchamber.

Republic of india [edit]

Article 100 of the Constitution of India stipulates that at least 10% of total number of members of the House must be nowadays to constitute the quorum to constitute a coming together of either House of Parliament. For instance, if the House has the total membership of 250, at least 25 members must exist present for the Business firm to proceedings with its business.[33]

If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, the Chairman has to either adjourn the Business firm or suspend information technology until in that location is a quorum.[33]

Ireland [edit]

Co-ordinate to the most recent standing orders, published in 2011, the quorum for the Oireachtas, the Irish parliament, for both the lower House, Dáil Éireann, and the upper House, Seanad Éireann, is 20 members.

The bedchamber of Dáil Éireann is rarely full outside question time, with often only one government representative (often an ordinary Teachta Dála, non a minister) present to reply opposition questions.

Pakistan [edit]

Article 55 of the constitutions of Pakistan states that, If at whatever time during a sitting of the National Assembly the attention of the person presiding is drawn to the fact that less than one-fourth of the total membership of the Assembly is nowadays, he shall either adjourn the Assembly or suspend the meeting until at least one-fourth of such membership is nowadays, which comprises 87 out of total 342.

Philippines [edit]

In Congress of the Philippines, half of the membership (thirteen in the Senate and 153 in the House of Representatives) is needed to muster a quorum. If someone contests the lack of quorum, a roll phone call shall exist done, and if at that place is indeed less than a bulk of members present, the meeting shall exist adjourned.

Both majority and minority blocs in Congress have used the lack of quorum in defeating bills that they don't desire to be passed without putting it to a vote. After an election during the lame-duck session, quorums are notoriously hard to muster, more and so in the House of Representatives as winning incumbents may opt to keep holiday, and defeated incumbents may opt to not to show up.

Turkey [edit]

According to article 96 of the Turkish Constitution, unless otherwise stipulated in the Constitution, the Turkish G National Assembly shall convene with at least, one-third of the total number of members (184 out of 550) and shall take decisions by an absolute bulk of those nowadays; however, the quorum for decisions tin can, under no circumstances, be less than a quarter plus one of the total number of members (138 out of 550).

Before the ramble referendum of 2007, at that place was a quorum of two-thirds required in the Turkish Parliament: after opposition parties used the quorum to deadlock the presidential election of 2007, making information technology impossible for the parliament to cull a president, the ruling AK party proposed a referendum to lower the quorum to prevent a repeat of this event. Nearly 70 percentage of the participants supported the constitutional changes.

U.k. [edit]

In the Parliament of the United kingdom, the House of Commons has a quorum of forty MPs, including the Speaker, out of 650 members of the House. At that place is no need for a quorum to exist present at all times: Commons debates could theoretically continue even if only ane MP and the Speaker were present.

However, if a division is chosen and fewer than 40 MPs are present, then a decision on the business being considered is postponed and the House moves on to consider the next particular of business.

The quorum for votes on legislation in the House of Lords is 30, only only three of the 753 peers, including the Lord Speaker, are required to be present for a debate to take place.[34]

Historically, the quorum was a select group of the justices of the peace in each county in early on modern United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. In theory, they were men experienced in law, but many of the quorum were appointed considering of their status. Some legislation required the involvement of a member of the quorum (e.m., granting a license to a badger). In practice, they increasingly were not qualified, as the proportion in the quorum rose faster than the proportion who were called to the bar or practising lawyers. By 1532, an boilerplate 45% of justices of the peace nationally were of the quorum. In Somerset, the proportion rose from 52% in 1562 to 93% in 1636. By and so, well-nigh of those not on the quorum were new to the demote. Sometimes justices of the peace were removed from the quorum as a disciplinary mensurate less drastic than removal from the bench.[35]

United Nations [edit]

The large deliberative bodies of the United Nations (the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council, as well as their subsidiary organs) mostly crave the attendance of one-tertiary of the membership (currently 65 states in the General Assembly and 18 in ECOSOC) to carry most business organization, but a majority of members (currently 97 states in the General Associates and 28 states in ECOSOC) in order to take any noun decisions.[36] [37] The rules of the United Nations Security Council brand no provisions for quorum, but nine votes are in all cases required to laissez passer whatever substantive measure, finer meaning that a meeting with fewer than nine members in omnipresence is pointless.[38]

United States [edit]

Article I, Department 5, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution provides that "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Bulk of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business..."

Therefore, in both the Business firm of Representatives and the Senate, a quorum is a uncomplicated majority of their respective members (currently 218 in the House and 51 in the Senate).

The only exceptions are those stated in the Twelfth Amendment:

  • In cases where no candidate for President of the U.s.a. receives a bulk in the Electoral College, the election is decided past the Firm of Representatives, in which case "a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a fellow member or members from two-thirds of the states" (a possible quorum as low equally 34).
  • In cases in which no candidate for Vice President of the United States receives a majority in the Electoral Higher, the election is decided by the Senate, in which case "a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 2-thirds of the whole number of Senators" (a quorum of 67).

The Senate has the additional ordinary requirement in Rule VI of its Standing Rules that "A quorum shall consist of a majority of the Senators duly chosen and sworn."[39]

Call of the house in the United States Senate [edit]

In the U.s. Senate, the procedure was final used in the early morning hours of 25 Feb 1988.

Senator Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia, then the Senate Majority Leader, moved a call of the firm afterwards the minority Republicans walked out of the chamber in an attempt to deny the Senate a quorum after Senate aides began bringing cots into the Senate cloakrooms in preparation for an all-night session over entrada finance reform for congressional elections.

Byrd's motility was approved 45-iii and arrest warrants were signed for all 46 Republicans: Senate Sergeant-at-Artillery Henry K. Giugni and his staff searched the Capitol's corridor and Senate function buildings for absent-minded Senators, and later on checking several empty offices, spotted Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, who fled down a hallway and escaped arrest. After a cleaning woman gave a tip that Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon was in his office, Giugni opened the door with a skeleton key. Packwood attempted to shove the door closed, but Giugni and two assistants pushed information technology open. Packwood was subsequently carried feet-first into the Senate bedroom by three plainclothes officers and sustained hobbling duke.[twoscore]

Prior to 1988, the last time the procedure had been used was during a 1942 filibuster over civil rights legislation:[40] Southern Democrat senators had spent days filibustering legislation to end poll taxes, days after the midterm elections had resulted in the Democrats losing of nine seats. Democratic Majority Leader Alben W. Barkley obtained an order on a Sat session on 14 Nov 1942, directing Sergeant at Artillery Chesley W. Jurney to detain the five Southern absentees to obtain a quorum. Jurney sent his Deputy Sergeant at Arms, J. Mark Trice, to the apartment of Democratic Senator Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee at the Mayflower Hotel. And then 73 years old and the third-most senior Senator, McKellar was later described by Republican Senator Bill Frist in his volume on Tennessee senators equally an "extraordinarily shrewd man of husky dimensions with a long retentivity and a short fuse." Trice called from the lobby, only McKellar refused to answer his telephone, so the deputy sergeant-at-arms walked upwards to the flat and convinced the senator's maid to permit him in:[41]

When Trice explained that McKellar was urgently needed back at the Capitol, the 73-year-old legislator agreed to accompany him. As they approached the Senate wing, McKellar suddenly realized what was up. An aide later recalled, "His face grew redder and redder. By the fourth dimension the car reached the Senate entrance, McKellar shot out and barreled through the corridors to find the source of his summons."
Barkley got his quorum...[41]

Quorum-busting [edit]

Quorum-busting, also known as a walkout, is a tactic that prevents a legislative body from attaining a quorum, and can be used past a minority group seeking to block the adoption of some measure they oppose. This mostly only happens where the quorum is a super-majority, as quorums of a majority or less of the membership hateful that the back up of a majority of members is e'er sufficient for the quorum (as well as for passage). Rules to discourage quorum-busting take been adopted past legislative bodies, such every bit the telephone call of the house, outlined above.

Quorum-busting has been used for centuries. For instance, during his fourth dimension in the Illinois Legislature, Abraham Lincoln leapt out of a beginning story window (the doors of the Capitol had been locked to foreclose legislators from fleeing) in a failed attempt to forbid a quorum from being present.[42]

Jim Dunnam led the "Killer Ds" walkout, a prominent case of quorum-busting.

Recent prominent examples [edit]

Texas (2003) [edit]

During the 2003 Texas redistricting, the majority Republicans in the Texas House of Representatives sought to carry out a controversial mid-decade congressional redistricting bill which would have favored Republicans past displacing 5 Democratic U.S. Representatives from Texas, nicknamed the "Texas V", from their districts. The Business firm Democrats, certain of defeat if a quorum were nowadays, took a aeroplane to the neighboring state of Oklahoma to preclude a quorum from being present (and thus the passage of the bill). The group gained the nickname the "Killer Ds".

Similarly, the minority Democrats in the Texas Legislature's upper sleeping accommodation, the Texas Senate, fled to New Mexico to prevent a quorum of the Senate to forestall a redistricting bill from being considered during a special session. The group, nicknamed the "Texas Eleven", stayed in New Mexico for 46 days before John Whitmire returned to Texas, creating a quorum. Considering there was at present no point in staying in New Mexico, the remaining ten members of the Texas Eleven returned to Texas to vote in opposition to the pecker.

Wisconsin (2011) [edit]

During the 2011 Wisconsin protests, fourteen Democratic members of the Wisconsin Senate went to Illinois in lodge to bosom the necessary 20-member quorum. Democrats in the Indiana House of Representatives did the aforementioned in club to cake some other spousal relationship-related bill, causing the legislative clock on the nib to expire. Traveling out of their country placed these legislators beyond the jurisdiction of state troopers who could compel them to return to the chamber.[43]

Oregon (2019) [edit]

Beginning in May 2019, Republican state senators in Oregon made a serial of walkouts in opposition to an emissions trading bill. On xx June 2019, Gov. Kate Brown authorized the Oregon Country Police to bring back the senators, who had left the Oregon Land Capitol to bust the needed quorum. State Sen. Brian Boquist said that he told the state constabulary superintendent to "ship bachelors and come heavily armed. I'm not going to be a political prisoner in the state of Oregon. It'south just that elementary."[44]

Texas (2021) [edit]

Autonomous House Representatives in Texas fled the state on the 12th of July 2022 to block the passage of a bill that would change voting rules.[45] At to the lowest degree 51 Democrats – the number needed to break quorum – left the country to Washington D.C. via plane.[46] On 10 August 2022 the Business firm authorised abort warrants for the legislators breaking quorum.[47] Subsequently 38 days quorum was regained when three Democrats, Garnet Coleman, Armando Walle and Ana Hernandez returned, though with Coleman providing quorum from home due to serious illness and Republican Steve Allison isolating in a side room of the bedroom due to contracting COVID-19.[48]

Disappearing quorum [edit]

The similar tactic of a disappearing quorum—refusing to vote although physically present on the flooring or walking out before a vote–was used by the minority to block votes as a filibuster in the United States Firm of Representatives from 1842 (when a speaking time limit was introduced) until 1890, when Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed ordered that members who were present merely abstaining would count for the purpose of a quorum.[49] [fifty] [51]

See also [edit]

  • Quorum telephone call
  • Minyan – the quorum of ten Jews (traditionally, ten male adults, above the age of thirteen) necessary for Jewish communal prayer to be conducted
  • Quorum sensing in bacteria

References [edit]

  1. ^ Sinclair, R. K. (1988). Democracy and Participation in Athens. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–9. ISBN0521423899.
  2. ^ a b c d Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011). Robert'southward Rules of Order Newly Revised (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. p. 21. ISBN978-0-306-82020-v. Archived from the original on thirteen Baronial 2017.
  3. ^ "Quorum Archived 23 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine," Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, 11th Edition.
  4. ^ Robert 2011, p. 347
  5. ^ Robert 2011, p. 99
  6. ^ Stackpole, John D. (July 2001). "Electronic Meetings: Rules for Electronic (e-mail) Meetings or The E-liberative Associates" (PDF). aipparl.org. American Institute of Parliamentarians. Archived (PDF) from the original on three March 2016. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  7. ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 349
  8. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question three)". The Official Robert'southward Rules of Order Web Site. The Robert's Rules Clan. Archived from the original on 12 November 2004. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  9. ^ a b Robert 2011, p. 348
  10. ^ a b c d Robert 2011, pp. 350–351
  11. ^ Martin B. Gold & Ronald Weich, Mutual Interpretation: Commodity I, Section 5, Interactive Constitution, National Constitution Centre.
  12. ^ Voting and Quorum Procedures in the House of Representatives, Congressional Research Service (March 26, 2020), p. 12.
  13. ^ "Guide to Procedures". Aph.gov.au. 18 March 2005. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  14. ^ "Chapter 8, Odgers' Australian Senate Exercise Eleventh Edition". Aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on xv August 2008. Retrieved xx June 2010.
  15. ^ "Marleau, Robert, and Camille Montpetit, eds. Firm of Commons Procedure and Practice. 2000 ed. Accessed xiii June 2008". Parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  16. ^ The Constitution Act, 1867, thirty & 31 Vict, c 3, s 35 <http://canlii.ca/t/ldsw#sec35> retrieved on 2013-10-21
  17. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  25. ^ "Standing Orders - Legislative Assembly of Ontario". world wide web.ontla.on.ca. Archived from the original on 5 January 2016.
  26. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 21 Oct 2013. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ^ "Quorum - National Assembly of Québec". world wide web.assnat.qc.ca. Archived from the original on 21 Oct 2013.
  28. ^ "Glossary". www.legassembly.sk.ca. Archived from the original on 20 Oct 2013.
  29. ^ Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Yukon Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013.
  30. ^ "§ 45 Geschäftsordnung des Deutschen Bundestages". Bundestag.de. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010. [ dead link ]
  31. ^ "Bundestag bricht überraschend Sitzung ab". Der Spiegel. Spiegel Online. fifteen June 2012. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  32. ^ "Ane Sick Lawmaker Makes Vote on Hong Kong Democracy a Landslide". Bloomberg.com. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on eleven July 2022 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  33. ^ a b "Rajya sabha handbook". Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved three May 2013.
  34. ^ "Quorum". BBC News. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 4 Dec 2009.
  35. ^ Gleason, John Howes (1969). The Justices of the Peace in England, 1558–1640: A Afterward Eirenarcha. Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-nineteen-821383-iii.
  36. ^ United Nations General Assembly. "Un General Associates Rules of Procedure". United Nations. Archived from the original on xiii January 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  37. ^ United Nations Economic and Social Council. "United nations Economic and Social Council Rules of Process" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  38. ^ United Nations Security Council (1983). "United nations Security Council Provisional Rules of Procedure". Un. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  39. ^ Rybicki, Elizabeth (8 June 2017). Quorum Requirements in the Senate: Committee and Bedroom (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  40. ^ a b Lauter, David. "Senate Constabulary Seize Packwood for Quorum Call Archived 15 August 2011 at Wikiwix." Los Angeles Times 25 Feb 1988.
  41. ^ a b "November fourteen, 1942: Arrests Compel Senate Quorum Archived 29 Baronial 2022 at the Wayback Machine." United States Senate History.
  42. ^ Donald, David Herbert (1995). Lincoln. Random Business firm. p. 77.
  43. ^ Burton, Thomas 1000. (24 February 2011). "Indiana GOP Drops Union Bill, simply Democrats Stay Out of State". Wall Street Periodical. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018.
  44. ^ Axelrod, Tal (xx June 2019). "Oregon governor authorizes land police to bring GOP lawmakers back to capital for climate vote". The Hill.
  45. ^ Eltohamy, Farah (14 July 2021). "What it ways to break quorum and what y'all need to know about the Texas Business firm Democrats' dramatic difference". The Texas Tribune . Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  46. ^ Pollock, Alexa Ura and Cassandra (12 July 2021). "Texas House Democrats abscond the land in movement that could block voting restrictions bill, bring Legislature to a halt". The Texas Tribune . Retrieved thirteen July 2021.
  47. ^ Goldenstein, Taylor (10 Baronial 2021). "Texas House authorizes arrests of no-bear witness Autonomous lawmakers". Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  48. ^ Barragán, James (19 Baronial 2021). "After a nigh six-calendar week exodus over GOP voting bill, enough Democrats return to Texas Firm to resume piece of work". The Texas Tribune . Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  49. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Wait at the House Committee on Rules, The Reed Rules". athenaeum.democrats.rules.firm.gov. The U.S. Firm of Representatives Committee on Rules. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  50. ^ "The History and Lessons of Congressional Crises". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  51. ^ "House quorum rule changed, Jan. 29, 1890". Pol. Archived from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.

External links [edit]

  • "Quorum". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
  • "Voting and Quorum Procedures" (PDF). U.S. Senate.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum

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